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What you’ll need:

1. Container coconut wax
2. Butter oil
3. Carrier oil

Skin-safe oils

• Olive oil
• Almond oil
• Macadamia oil
• Jojoba oil
• Wheat germ oil
• Grape seed oil
• Apricot kernel oil
• Sea buckthorn oil
• Avocado oil
4. Candle vessel
5. Fragrance oil (for candles)
6. Thermometer
7. Melting setup: double boiler (one pot for water, one for wax) or a thermostatic wax melter; plus a pouring pot.
8. Wick centering tool (sushi sticks, cotton swabs)
9. Spoon or spatula for stirring
10. Wick stickers or glue gun
11. Pocket scales
12. Heat gun

For more details about the tools, see the lesson “Starter Kit”.
MASSAGE CANDLE

In this lesson, we’ll go through the process of making a massage candle.
Watch the archive version — Open
Materials in detail
1) Container Coconut Wax
Why coconut? Coconut wax has a lower melting point.

What is the maximum heating temperature, and how to determine it? - Open

Soy wax with a melting point up to 45-47 degrees is also suitable. If the temperature is higher, test the candle to see if it burns the skin.


2) Butter Oil (Shea butter, cocoa butter, etc., all except coconut oil)
Why not coconut? We are already using coconut wax, which is a product made from coconut oil.

3) Carrier Oil (avocado oil, olive oil, peach oil, sea buckthorn oil, etc. Not to be confused with essential oils). Essential oils should not be used as a substitute for carrier oils, as they can cause burns when used in the proportions we need.

Keep in mind that carrier oils can color the candle, like how sea buckthorn oil colored the candle in the lesson.

4) Cotton Wick
Choosing a cotton wick - Open

It’s better not to use a wooden wick. It stains the wax with ash and may leave a smell in the wax, which is not suitable for massage candles.

5) Container for the Candles
Which containers are suitable - Open

Gravy boats, ceramic milk creamers – any container with a spout works perfectly for massage candles.

6) Fragrance oil for candles

Fragrance oils can be allergens, which is not suitable for skin application.
Proportions

• 60% coconut wax
• 30% body butter
• 10% base (carrier) oil

Optional: shimmer and fragrance — up to 2% of the total candle mass.
Caution: do not overdose the fragrance; excess can cause a skin burn.
STEP 1. PREPARATION
1) Calculate the required amounts of wax and fragrance for a container candle.

Wax & fragrance calculator for container candles - Open

If you want to add a fragrance oil, add no more than 2% of the total candle mass. Be careful with fragrance: if you overdose it, you can cause a skin burn.

2) Check that the container is clean.

The container must be absolutely dry, free of dust, and without fingerprints.
STEP 2. MELTING THE WAX
1) Put a pot of water on the stove and bring it to a simmer.

2) Pour the wax into a melting pitcher.

3) Add the butter and the base (carrier) oil to the melting wax.

4) Place the pitcher with wax over a double boiler.

Reduce the heat so there’s only gentle steam; do not allow any water to get into the wax.

5) Insert a thermometer into the pitcher and wait until all the ingredients are fully melted.

Step 3. Adding fragrance

1. Bring the wax to its maximum heating temperature and add the fragrance.

If your wax’s maximum heating temperature is 85°C, add the fragrance in the 80–85°C range.

How to add fragrance without removing the wax from the heat - Open

What is the maximum heating temperature and how to find it - Open

If you want to add dye, do it at this stage.

Recommendations for adding dye- Open

2. Maintain the maximum heating temperature for 5–10 minutes.

The time can be longer; it depends on your fragrance. For example, CandleScience fragrances may need 5–7 minutes, while Kema may need up to 15 minutes at high temperature.

For instance, if your wax’s maximum heating temperature is 85°C, keep it within 80–85°C.

3. Mix until uniform.

Stir until the fragrance is fully dissolved in the wax. Stir slowly and steadily with a spoon or spatula (not with a thermometer) so the fragrance incorporates better.

Do not whisk or aerate the wax. That triggers wax crystallization, which will show up as an unattractive white bloom on the candle.

4. Let the wax cool to the pouring temperature.

How to determine the pouring temperature for your wax - Open
Step 4. Wick preparation


1. Wick preparation

Let’s look at several types of wicks:

1) Pre-waxed wick
A ready-made pre-waxed wick like Stabila. Nothing else is needed, since it already comes inserted into a wick centering tool and waxed.

2) Wick on a spool + separate wick centering tool

Prime the wick with wax so it burns better. Simply dip it into melted wax, let the excess drip off, and set it aside until it hardens. Then fix it into the wick holder.

Is it necessary to wax a wick? - Open

3) Wooden wick

Trim it to the container’s height and secure it in a wick clip/holder.
If the wick is double or has a booster, fasten it with a clip or clothespin.

Do you need to soak a wooden wick? - Open

2. Attach the wick to the vessel

You can do this with adhesive wick stickers or a hot-glue gun.
Which is better to use, stickers or a hot-glue gun? - Open

3. Center the wick

A cotton wick must be centered; a wooden wick doesn’t need this.
Step 5. Pouring the wax



1. Warm the container with a heat gun

To avoid a sharp temperature drop.

2. Pour the wax—cooled to its pouring temperature—into the container

Determining the optimal pouring temperature - Open

Pour slowly in a thin stream to reduce the amount of air bubbles in the wax.

If you’re using a wooden wick, coat it generously with wax as you pour. With a cotton wick this isn’t necessary, as it’s already impregnated with wax.
Step 6. Wax setting



1) Leave the candle for 24 hours so it fully sets and hardens.
2) Avoid drafts and any sudden changes in room temperature.

While the candle is setting, it’s important to keep the room temperature stable and avoid rapid cooling/fast setting of the wax.

Setting conditions - Open

Can you put candles in the fridge to speed up setting? - Open

Candle Wax Calculator
How to calculate how much wax you need for a candle?
Here’s how to calculate the amount of wax you need.
We’ll use a calculator app. I use “Candle Calc” (shown in the App Store as “Candle Maker Calc”).
Download for iOS

There are also various online calculators, which are easy to find.

(Video tutorial)
1) Open the app and go to the Wax weight tab (see the tabs at the bottom).
How to use Candle Calc
First, let’s cover container candles.

3) The Wax field will auto-calculate the wax amount.
If you’re making an unscented container candle, you’re done—melt that amount of wax.

2) Enter the container capacity in the Vessel fill field (mL).
If you’re unsure, weigh the empty container on a pocket scale, fill it to the brim with water, then weigh again. The difference in grams ≈ milliliters.

5) Enter the Vessel count if you’re making multiple candles.
For example, enter 10 to see how much wax and fragrance oil you need for ten candles.

4) For scented candles, enter the FO % (fragrance-oil percentage).
The app will show two values: Wax for the batch (how much wax to melt) and FO for the batch (how much fragrance oil to add).

What about pillar candles?

The calculator may be inaccurate for pillar candles because it assumes some headspace instead of filling the container to the rim. If you measure with water and then weigh the candle, you’ll only get an approximate value—this matters when using colorants, where the exact fill affects shade.

For pillar candles, it’s safer to melt 15–30% more wax than needed, with a generous margin. After the candle cools and hardens, weigh it to get the exact amount of wax used in grams—this will give you the correct amount for your next batch.
Sometimes a candle needs to be redone because of defects. With a molded candle it’s simple—lay it down and remelt. But how do you remelt a container candle without much effort?

1) Method 1
Fill a saucepan with a little water and set it over low heat. Hot water and steam will loosen the wax from the sides, and you can pull the candle out by the wick.
— Add only a little water and reposition the jar in the pan from time to time. If there’s too much water, the jar won’t stand level and may tip over.
— Don’t let the water reach a rolling boil: the jar will start to rattle and can fall over.

2) Method 2
Slightly more work than the first but safer for the jar. Use a heat gun (or a hair dryer on high) and warm the sides while rotating the candle. The walls will soften and you’ll be able to pull the candle out by the wick.

Note: These methods don’t work for every vessel. If your jar narrows at the top, you’ll need to fully melt the candle in a pot or break it up with a knife.
Remelting Candles
How to easily remelt a container candle?
Let’s start with the basics.
Scent throw is how well a candle fills a space with fragrance. There are two types:
— Hot throw (HT): how the candle smells while burning.
— Cold throw (CT): how the candle smells when unlit.

What affects scent throw?

1) Wax
Choose proven, widely used waxes that many candle makers rely on. You can research any wax by searching YouTube (e.g., “Golden Wax 464”).

2) Fragrance oil (FO)
Use reliable fragrance oils formulated specifically for candles (not for soap/cosmetics/perfume only). The same FO can perform differently in different waxes, so testing is essential. High-quality suppliers usually indicate whether an FO is suitable for candles and provide a recommended load.

— Load rate matters. A typical range is 6–10%. Some waxes allow up to 12%, but “more” does not always mean “stronger”; past a point you only oversaturate the wax. Run your own tests to find the sweet spot for your system.

3) Adding fragrance oil: temperature & mixing
Follow the temperature guidance from your wax maker. Bring the wax to a high enough temperature before adding FO so it binds properly (commonly 80–85 °C if your wax allows; if the max for your wax is lower, stay in that lower range). For tricky FOs, hold the wax at the higher end for about 10 minutes and stir continuously with a spoon/spatula (not a thin stick).

4) The right wick
The wick size directly affects HT. If the jar is 10 cm in diameter but the wick melts only a 4 cm pool, throw can drop dramatically. An undersized wick → a small melt pool and weak throw. An oversized wick → overheated pool, soot/smoke, and the aroma can degrade. Consider that wooden wicks often enhance perceived throw. Always trim the wick before lighting.

How not to spoil the candle’s aroma (extinguishing methods)

1) Lid method
Cover the candle with the lid for about 3 seconds, then lift the lid and let the smoke vent out of the jar. When the smoke clears completely, close it again.

2) Snuffer
Use a candle snuffer to extinguish the flame without smoke.

3) Wick dipper
Dip the wick into the melt pool and immediately lift it back up straight. This method also avoids smoke.

How to test hot throw?

Many makers use a simple three-step HT test. Work through each step:

1) Bathroom test
A bathroom (or any small room) is perfect for the first trial. Even small candles can fill it. Light the candle and let it burn at least 30 minutes, up to 2–3 hours. Go in like a regular customer would and check how the aroma develops. You can repeat the test later with a fresh nose. If the throw is good, proceed to the next step.

2) Living room test
Now test in a bigger room (any room larger than the bathroom; close the doors). This stage checks the candle’s maximum potential. Light the candle and behave as a normal user. Don’t overthink; simply live with it and enter the room every 20–30 minutes with a fresh nose. Evaluate in different corners to account for air circulation. Pay attention to whether the scent is noticeable on entry, how it distributes, and if the composition feels balanced. If it performs well here, move to the final step.

3) Other people
Give the candle to several people you trust for testing and ask for honest feedback after they’ve used it in their bathroom and living room. Collect short notes on intensity, character, pleasantness, and any issues (headache, heaviness, smoke, etc.). Average the feedback and compare it with your own impressions.
Scent Throw
What affects it, how to improve it, and how to test it

Numbers on Wax Packaging
What are melting point, pour temperature, and maximum heating temperature? How do they differ and why do they matter?
Melting point — the temperature at which your wax begins to melt. On the label this is usually the smallest number. Why it matters:
1) If you live in a warm region, watch this number. If room temps can reach +35 °C, some waxes (e.g., pure coconut) may be unsuitable or hard to ship. Look for blends/additives or choose another wax.
2) For massage candles you need a low melting point. If you’re replacing coconut with soy, pick a wax with a melting point around 45–47 °C.

Pour temperature — the range the manufacturer recommends for pouring. From other lessons you know these figures are approximate and are tuned by testing. Still, the range is a good starting point for your setup.
• If the producer doesn’t specify it, no problem—use the melting point as a reference. If the melting point is, say, 45 °C, try pouring at about 60 °C first.
• If you get frosting or strong shrinkage/sinkholes, lower the pour temperature.
• If you see ridges/waves on the surface, raise it. Run tests in 5 °C steps.

Maximum heating temperature — the highest temperature to which the wax may be heated. This is crucial when adding fragrance oil and color. For example, if your wax’s max heat is 85 °C, add FO/dye at 80–85 °C and mix within that range until fully incorporated.

If your supplier lists nothing on the label, you’ll have to determine the numbers by testing:

1) Melting point test
For hot climates, a simple check is to leave a candle outside/in the sun and see how it behaves after a few hours.
For massage-candle suitability: put a small amount of wax in a pot, place it over a water bath, and press the thermometer tip to the bottom. When the wax begins to melt and move, note the temperature. If it only starts melting around 50 °C or higher, it’s better not to use it for massage candles. If it starts melting below about 50 °C, you can cautiously patch-test: dip a stick, let a tiny drop cool on a saucer/lid, touch with a finger; if it doesn’t burn, you may try a very small drop on the skin. (Most people prefer ≤50 °C for this purpose.)

2) Pour-temperature test
Described above: adjust in 5 °C steps based on surface and structural results.

3) Max-heat test
Heat separate portions of the same wax to different temps, e.g., 85/80/75 °C. Let each portion cool to the usual pour temperature, pour, and then evaluate behavior (surface smoothness, shrinkage, bubbles, internal porosity). Keep in mind that uneven tops can also come from other factors—see the lesson on those.
Do not do this if your wax is finicky and prone to frosting from small temperature swings.

If that’s not the case, then yes, you can—but don’t put the candle in the fridge immediately after pouring (you shouldn’t place hot items in a fridge). It’s better to wait until the wax starts to firm up a little and only then move it. Don’t touch the mold with your hands at that point—the candle can deform because the wax is still soft. Set the mold on a small stand/coaster in advance and move it together with the stand, without touching the mold.

For example, molded candles sometimes have to be made quickly for rush orders. I work with olive wax, which lets me do this. Container waxes, however, haven’t tolerated it for me. They also set faster anyway, so I don’t see a reason to speed them up.
Fridge
Can you put candles in the fridge to speed up setting?
PACKAGING AND STORAGE
In this lesson, we’ll discuss how to store and pack finished candles to avoid damage.

Storage:

Candles should be stored in a dry place at a moderate temperature, away from heat sources and direct sunlight. Do not store them somewhere too warm, as they may start to melt. Likewise, avoid very cold places, which can cause candles to crack or pull away from their containers.
It’s best to keep candles in closed containers. If the containers don’t have lids, cover them to prevent dust from getting inside, as it’s hard to clean out later.

Storing Materials for Candle Making

Wooden wicks should be stored in a warm, very dry place. Improper storage can cause them to lose their crackle.
Wax should be kept at room temperature in an airtight container to protect it from dust. If dust does get in, the only way to remove it is to filter the melted wax through cheesecloth.

Packaging

Here, we’ll focus not on the aesthetics of your packaging but on shipping safety. We all know how carriers handle packages, so it’s important to do our part to keep the goods as safe as possible.
Use bubble wrap, honeycomb packing paper, packing peanuts, etc. Most importantly, fill any empty spaces in the box tightly so nothing moves and the item stays fully protected.

Improper Packaging
Proper Packaging
1) Samples of your products: wax melts, tealights with your fragrances (tea-light cups are easy to find on AliExpress), scent sachets, etc.
2) Postcards/insert cards: add a QR code with instructions, promo codes for the next purchase, and special offers.
3) Branded matches (can be ordered wholesale from China).
Customer Gifts
What can you include as a gift with a candle to boost customer loyalty?

Ideally, let it cure for at least 14 days. This is the minimum time to test the wick, burn time, scent throw, and other properties.

If you’re making candles just for yourself and don’t aim for maximum burn time or the strongest scent, you can light the candle as soon as it sets.
First Burn
When can you light a candle after making it?

You’ve probably noticed that candle makers list the burn time on their candles.

How do you calculate it?

As you know, a candle shouldn’t be burned for more than 4 hours at a time. To estimate total burn time, you don’t need to burn it all in one go—one hour is enough.

Steps:

1) Put the candle on a precision (jewelry) scale and note the weight.
2) Burn the candle for one hour.
3) Weigh the candle again.
4) Subtract the after-burn weight from the initial weight—this is how many grams burned in one hour.
5) Divide the initial wax mass by the number from step 4.
6) The result is the total burn time in hours.

Example with numbers:
The wax mass of your candle is 100 g. Before lighting, you weigh the candle together with the container; say it’s 230 g (the exact container weight doesn’t matter here). After one hour, the weight is 225 g. That means 5 g of wax burned in an hour. Now divide 100 by 5 = 20. So the full burn time is about 20 hours. Your figures will, of course, vary.
Burn Time
How to calculate the burn time of a container candle?
In this article we share a step-by-step way to find your ideal candle recipe.

By “ideal candle” we mean a candle that smells great, looks the way you want, burns evenly without sooting, and is safe to use. To get all of that in one product, you need to test: the wick, fragrance oil, dye, wax, etc.

How to run the tests

After you pour a candle, let it cure for two weeks. Label it with all inputs (for example: Kerasoy wax, Mango & Orange FO 9%, STABILO 20 wick, pour at 46 °C). Over those two weeks the wax hardens and the scent develops. Only then should you start burn tests.

Why curing matters and shouldn’t be skipped
A candle on day one can smell different from the same candle after a week or two. The very same wick may behave differently before and after curing.

Imagine: you poured a candle and tested the next day. The wax reached the walls, everything looked fine. Then you poured a batch for sale and let them sit a month. A customer writes that the melt pool never reached the sides and tunneled. Throw suffered, the look suffered, and the customer likely won’t return. Outcome: unpleasant. Don’t skip curing.

What to check after curing

1) Does the wick reach a full melt pool to the glass edge? How long does it take? How hot does the jar get?
— Always trim the wick to 0.5 cm (1/4") before tests. If the wick is too long, the flame will be too large and the test is invalid; if too short, the wick may look “weak” although it’s the right size.
— A reasonable target: the wick should reach the edges in about 40 minutes at minimum and within 1.5–2 hours at most.
— Jar temperature: glass shouldn’t overheat. Thin-walled jars heat up much more and can be unsafe. Thick walls and a thick base protect better from heat, but the jar can still feel hot—evaluate usability in the hand.

2) How does the candle smell?
Leave the room for 20–30 minutes, then enter the room where the candle was burning and evaluate whether the scent is noticeable and how strong it is. (See the separate lesson on HT testing.) If you don’t smell much, it isn’t always your fault—room size, drafts/ventilation, and candle placement can all reduce throw.

3) Does frosting appear over time?
Sometimes frosting shows up later, not right away. If you see it, adjust pour/add temperatures or try another FO/wax. Natural waxes are prone to crystallization; you can’t eliminate it 100%, but you can reduce it.

Minimum checklist above is what you need for container-candle testing.

Why trim the wick to 0.5 cm (1/4")?

1) Without trimming before tests you may misjudge the wick.
An overlong wick gives an oversized flame and a too-fast melt pool; you’ll “upsize” the wick by mistake. With proper trimming the same wick might reach a full melt pool in 50–60 minutes, which is correct.

2) Trimming prevents smoky smell on relight.
If you extinguish and relight without trimming, soot builds up on the wick tip and can give a burnt smell. Always trim to about 0.5 cm before relight.

3) For pillar (molded) candles, frequent extinguishing and retrimming can distort results.
If pillars go out faster, you might increase the session length to stabilize the test. Write the recommendation in your recipe, but run tests to find the minimal safe burn interval first; then keep it consistent across tests.
Testing
Every candle maker wants to arrive at a proven candle recipe.
If you don’t wax the wick, it may not ignite. Or it may light and then immediately go out.

I recommend doing it every time. It really protects you from unpredictable wick behavior.

A convenient way to wax wicks:
You can prepare extra wick in advance. For example, melt 20–30 g of pure wax just for waxing the wick and treat a 10-meter length at once, then roll it back up and store it until your next candle pour.
WICK WAXING

Is it necessary to wax the wick?

There are many types of wax:

1) Soy
2) Coconut
3) Olive
4) Beeswax
5) Palm
6) Paraffin

We’ll focus on the most popular, commonly used options—soy, coconut, olive, and beeswax (with notes on palm and paraffin).

1) Soy wax
Often considered good for scent throw and easy to source worldwide. Downsides: most prone to frosting, relatively brittle, and not ideal for complex pillars. I don’t recommend using it neat (100%).

2) Coconut wax
Similar to soy but easier to work with and naturally whiter. It has a lower melting point, so in hot climates or summer, shipping finished candles can be tricky—they may soften or melt in transit.

3) Olive wax (EcoOlive)
My favorite. Trouble-free for me with no frosting issues if you follow the process. Excellent scent throw and a bit stronger than the two above—I highly recommend it. Con: slightly more expensive than competitors.

4) Beeswax
The strongest/hardest here. If you want intricate shapes, beeswax sets the cleanest in molds. But it’s not suitable for scented candles—the natural honey note dominates. It also won’t be perfectly white (many makers buy pre-tinted beeswax; that can be convenient). Beware of fakes: sometimes paraffin tinted and scented with “honey” is sold as beeswax—buy from trusted sellers.

5) Palm wax
Usually blended with container or other waxes. Adds hardness, raises the melting point, and makes the surface feel less oily. There’s also crystalline palm wax: poured at high temperatures, it sets with a frosted/feathered pattern. You can find recipes for it in shared/bulk purchases.

6) Paraffin
Common in decorative, pillar, and botanical candles. Not eco-friendly, but widely available and inexpensive. It’s strong and non-greasy.

Bottom line
There’s no single “perfect” wax for everyone. What’s ideal for one maker may not suit another. Start with small batches, test in your molds and conditions, and choose the wax you feel most comfortable working with.
Pillar Wax
Choosing wax for pillar candles
We’ll look at the two main types of wax: soy and coconut.

Key differences:

1) Coconut wax is usually whiter; soy tends to have creamier tones.
2) Coconut has a lower melting point, so a coconut candle will generally burn a bit faster than a soy candle.
3) Soy is more often sold in pellets/flakes; coconut usually comes in blocks. This doesn’t affect performance—it's mostly a matter of convenience and preference.
4) Soy is a bit trickier to work with than coconut. Pure soy more often leaves uneven tops, so you may need a repour or to smooth with a heat gun, and you’ll need to fine-tune pour temperature more carefully. Coconut shows these issues less because it’s softer and more pliable. Still, you must dial in temps for your setup with both.
5) Soy wax is easier to source than coconut.
6) Many makers feel soy has better scent throw, but this is subjective—people perceive fragrance differently.
Container Wax
Choosing wax for container candles
Compared with container waxes, pillar waxes have fewer quality criteria. What we want from a pillar wax is that it doesn’t soften in the hand, is versatile, and isn’t fussy about frosting. Which waxes fit the bill? Let’s look at them.

Top waxes:

1) Olive wax (EcoOlive Pillar). Suitable for pillar candles and for sachets. Excellent scent throw, very easy to work with, and doesn’t leave hands oily.

2) Crystalline palm. Also works for pillars and sachets. Good throw, simple to use, and in the hand barely feels like “wax.” Thanks to its higher melting point, it’s a good option for hot regions.

3) Coconut (ES-Tart). Gave me very strong hot throw and is easy to work with, but it’s not ideal for hot climates because of its lower melting point.

4) Golden Wax 494. A pillar wax with good scent throw. Not the easiest—tends to frost.

5) Beeswax. The strongest wax; can handle very complex shapes where other waxes may fail.

These are, in my view, the best pillar waxes. If any of them aren’t available in your region, don’t worry—most waxes can be tuned with testing, and we can help you with that.
Top Pillar Waxes
How to choose wax for a pillar candle?
Candle makers work with many waxes, and everyone has favorites. Any wax has pros and cons, and each maker has different comfort criteria.

In this article I’ll cover the most popular container waxes.

1) Golden Wax 464
Perhaps the most popular soy wax on the market. Loved for its scent throw. Because it’s pure soy, it isn’t the easiest to work with—but it can be tuned.

2) Kerax Coconut Container
An excellent wax for both container and massage candles. Very soft and oily. Its scent throw is a little weaker than Golden Wax 464.

3) Tefawax 541
A budget alternative to Golden. Very good throw, but not very simple in pure form—I use it in a blend.

Other excellent waxes with nice tops and good scent throw: Nature Wax C-3, Nature Wax C-310, EcoSoya CB Advanced, EcoCoco Container.

Don’t worry if none of these are available in your region or shipping is expensive. With almost any wax you can dial in a working recipe—and we can help with that.
Top Container Waxes
Which waxes are best for a container candle?


1) Never buy anything in large quantities until you’ve tested the material yourself. Make your first purchases in minimal batches. This saves money and nerves. Once you’re sure a material works for you, then buy in bulk.

2) When choosing a wax, read reviews in the chat via search—just type its name. For example, for Golden Wax 464 you can search: “golden”, “464”, “golden wax”, “gw”, etc.

3) The pouring pot, decor, wick holders, containers, paper towels, brushes, and other consumables are where you can save. Wax, fragrance oils, wicks, and silicone molds are the items you shouldn’t skimp on.

4) Be sure to get everything from the Starter Kit at the very beginning—there’s nothing extra in it; it’s the minimum for a comfortable start.
Buying Supplies
What should you pay attention to?

What is a blend?
A blend is a mixture of waxes. There are pillar blends and container blends. You can buy them or make your own.

Why are blends popular and not worse than pure waxes?
They’re often easier to work with. Tops come out smoother with less effort, and many blends deliver scent throw comparable to single-wax formulas.

Examples of blends:
— EcoCoco (container) — olive + coconut
— EcoOlive (pillar) — olive + coconut
— Nature Wax C-6 — soy + coconut
There are many other blends on the market.

Can you make a blend yourself?
Yes, absolutely. It’s also a great way not to waste a wax you didn’t like. A few scenarios:

1) A “tricky” pure soy wax: add a fatty coconut wax. My go-to recipe:
Tefawax 541 (a demanding soy) + Kerax Coconut Container (very fatty coconut) at 70% soy / 30% coconut → a trouble-free container blend.

2) You disliked a wax: buy another wax (pillar or container) and test mix-ins.
Important: wicks for pure vs. blended waxes will differ—retest your wick.

3) No pillar wax available in your region: add stearic acid (easy to find on marketplaces) to a container wax, up to about 10%, to get a pillar-grade wax.

4) You can also add palm wax (about 15%–50%) to a container wax to make a pillar blend.
There are truly many workable options.

Keep in mind: each wax has its own boundaries and behavior. Weigh components precisely and record ratios; otherwise every batch becomes a “new wax” that will require re-wicking from scratch.
Blends
What are they and what are the benefits?

Yes—but mostly as a formality, because many countries require an expiry date. The formal term is 1–1.5 years.

When people say wax is “expired,” they usually mean it has lost properties due to improper storage.

1) Wax can dry out if left open because the oils evaporate.
2) Properties also degrade if stored in direct sunlight, in heat, or near heaters. The optimal storage temperature for candles and wax is up to 25 °C.

If you follow these storage rules, you can use wax for a very long time.
Shelf Life
Does wax have a shelf life?

Cutting Molds
Which molds can be cut, how deep should the cut be, and what should you cut with?

Silicone molds are usually either sold pre-slit or don’t need a slit at all. Do not cut thin-silicone molds: you won’t be able to clamp them securely with rubber bands, the wax will leak, and the mold will be ruined.

But if the mold is made of thick silicone, a slit is often needed.

Many thick molds arrive with a slit, but sometimes it’s too short or not fully cut through. In that case, you can easily finish the slit yourself with a knife.

Important points:

1) Use a very sharp blade so the cut is clean. A dull blade will tear the silicone and the seam will look messy. A regular knife, a laser-sharpened knife, or a utility blade will work—as long as it’s very sharp.

2) Make the slit on the back/side. If you place it on the front, it will show on the finished piece and look unattractive. It’s best to pour at least once first and decide which side is the “front,” then put the slit on the least visible side.

3) Before adding any extra slit, pour a candle in the mold at least once—you may find the mold doesn’t need an additional cut at all.

How to cut: hold the knife and gently saw forward–back. I personally like laser-sharpened knives—they make a smooth, precise cut.
Example of thin-silicone molds (not recommended).
Example of thick-silicone molds (recommended).
Short answer: almost any, but each type has its nuances. Let’s look at the details.

For beginners who don’t yet have much testing/wicking experience, it’s best to use thick-walled glass (≥0.3 cm / ≈3 mm). Such jars are less likely to crack if overheated.

What about goblets or thin glass?

They can certainly be used for candles, but keep in mind:

1) Proper testing is essential. During tests, run a full 4-hour burn (the maximum single burn session) to check safety.

2) Always inform customers about safety rules:
a) do not burn a candle for more than 4 hours at a time;
b) trim the wick to 0.5 cm (¼") before each lighting so the flame isn’t too large.

3) An alternative approach is to choose a wick that doesn’t melt the wax all the way to the walls. This won’t fit every vessel. The melt pool should still be at least 5–6 cm wide; otherwise the scent throw will be very weak.
Candle Vessels
Which vessels are suitable for container candles?
Wick Selection
How do you choose the right wick for pillar (molded) candles?

In this article we’ll figure out how to choose a wick for pillar candles.
Wicking a pillar is different from wicking a container candle—the goals are not the same. With pillars you’re not chasing a full, wall-to-wall melt pool inside a jar; you’re choosing how the candle should behave in open air.

First, decide what you want the candle to do:
— melt down completely; or
— keep a “tunnel” and melt only in the center; or
— something in between.

Let’s look at the two main scenarios.

1) The candle melts completely
Choose a larger wick. If the mold is wide or overall large, you may even need multiple wicks.

2) The wax does not spread to the edges (controlled tunneling)
Choose a smaller wick that’s intentionally undersized for the candle’s diameter. Be sure to test so it doesn’t soot or overheat the wax.

If you want a special effect, describe it in the chat—other experienced makers can suggest a wicking approach.

When can’t a wick give a full melt to the edge?
— Irregular shapes (e.g., a torso) or very narrow sections. If the wick is too small, the candle will stop melting and leave thick walls; if too large, it may deform the piece. Such forms need careful tests and, sometimes, a compromise.
— Very slim pillars: by design they are small in diameter, so a true edge-to-edge melt pool is unrealistic. For these, choose a wick that gives a stable flame (about a 1–2 cm pool is normal for a slim pillar).

One more important point: use wick **without** a metal sustainer/tab for pillar molds.
Container “pre-tabbed” wicks are meant for jars.
1) They’re hard to thread through a mold.
2) The metal tab can leave a cavity or mark and complicate unmolding.
3) Pillar wicks are sold on spools specifically for molds—choose by diameter and test.
Wick Selection
How do you choose the right wick for pillar (molded) candles?

The main goal in container candles is to melt the wax to the glass wall.
If the wick is too small, wax will never reach the edges and you’ll get tunneling.
If the wick is too large, the glass may overheat and the candle can soot.

How to pick a wick

1) Measure your jar’s inner diameter at the widest point. For example, if it’s 6 cm, we’ll look up wicks that suit a 6 cm jar.

2) Use a wick chart. Find your wax and jar diameter, then note several candidate wicks (sizes/series) suggested for that combo.

Open the tables — Open

How to read the charts

— Wax types are listed in the left column.
— Jar diameters are listed along the top.
— Cells show suggested wick series/sizes.
Always select several nearby sizes for testing; each system is different, and exact matches are not guaranteed.

What if your wax or jar isn’t in the chart?

— Choose a chart for a similar wax (e.g., another soy or coconut container wax) and start from those sizes.
— You don’t have to buy the exact brand shown in a specific chart. For the same wax/diameter you can try analogous series from common families such as CD, ECO, HTP, LX, RRD, or STABILO. Test and compare.

How many wicks to buy for the first test?

— Don’t buy every size. Take a small “ladder” around the suggested size (for instance: one size down, the suggested size, and one–two sizes up). That’s usually enough to find a match quickly.

How to know the wick is right

— The melt pool should reach the glass edge within about 40–60 minutes (depending on your wax and FO).
— The flame is stable, without smoke/soot or a big “mushroom.”
— The jar is hot but still safe to handle.
— Melt-pool depth at the end of a session doesn’t exceed about 1 cm.
— Trim the wick to 0.5 cm (¼") before every burn; test under the same trim.
Cotton Wick
How do you choose a cotton wick for container candles?


Choosing a Wooden Wick
How do you choose a wooden wick?

How to choose a wooden wick for a container candle

Approximate width-to-vessel recommendations:
1) 8 mm — for vessels 3–5 cm in diameter
2) 12.5 mm — for vessels 5–7 cm
3) 14 mm — for vessels 6–8 cm

How to use these numbers in practice

Let’s take a marketplace example. Many listings don’t show melt-pool diameters (unlike candle-supply shops that often have charts). Suppose we find wooden wicks on a marketplace and open a listing. In the specs we see “13 × 140.” The first number is the **wick width** in millimeters; the second is the **height**. Height isn’t critical—you can always trim it—but width is the key value to match to your **vessel**.

Measure your vessel’s inner diameter. For example, if the vessel is 6 cm, the table suggests a 12–13 mm wooden wick. Order that size and test.

If the wicks arrive and test small, don’t rush to reorder—try **doubling** them: cut two equal strips and insert both into one wooden-wick clip, then retest.

If doubling doesn’t solve it, order the next width up and test again.

How to store wooden wicks

Store wooden wicks strictly in a dry place. Otherwise even solid wicks can develop cracks. Keep them in a regular zip-lock bag with a silica-gel packet that absorbs moisture (easy to buy on any marketplace).
There’s no single opinion among candle makers: some are for it, others against. It’s your choice, but consider these points and risks:

1) Essential oils are highly volatile—they evaporate quickly. You won’t get the same scent throw as with candle-specific fragrance oils.

2) Some essential oils can be irritating or harmful and may release undesirable compounds when burned.

3) Essential oils are flammable. If the oil isn’t properly incorporated into the wax, there’s a risk of surface ignition (flashover): the whole wax surface can catch fire instead of just the wick, the vessel may crack, and the fire can spread.

4) Cost: high-quality essential oils are usually more expensive than fragrance oils designed for candles.
Essential Oils
Can they be used in candles?

No—they aren’t suitable for wax. Since wax is oil-based, only oil-soluble additives will work.

Water-soluble or alcohol-based fragrances won’t dissolve in wax; they’ll separate and float as foreign patches.
Water-Based Fragrances
Are they suitable for wax?

No—they aren’t suitable for wax. Since wax is oil-based, only oil-soluble colorants will work.

Water-soluble or alcohol-based dyes won’t dissolve in wax; they’ll separate and show up as foreign streaks or blotches.
Water-Based Dyes

Are they suitable for wax?

Yes, you can—just stay within the maximum recommended load and don’t exceed it.
Mixing Fragrance Oils
Can you mix fragrances?

Yes—you can, as long as you stay within the maximum recommended colorant load and don’t skip testing.

To save wax and dye, run tests in small molds—for example, for wax melts or sachets.
Mixing Dyes
Can you mix dyes?

Yes—you can, because crayons are oil-soluble.

The challenge is dosing: with crayons you don’t have precise usage rates. If you exceed a safe load, frosting is more likely.

Test plan:
1) Start with a very small load — about 0.1%.
2) If all looks good, increase stepwise: 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% (or until you reach the shade you want).
3) Remember: higher colorant loads often require a larger wick. Once you settle on a color, re-test your wicking — the wick that worked at a lower load may no longer be suitable.
Wax Crayons
Can you use wax crayons as dye?

What’s actually better? Let’s break it down.

Pros of stickers
• Very easy to use.
• No extra equipment needed.

Cons of stickers
• Sometimes arrive dried out; the adhesive can fail while you’re centering the wick.
• If you pour at high temperatures (some waxes prefer a hotter pour), the sticker can loosen and lift.

Pros of hot glue
• More reliable than stickers: bonds firmly.
• No “drying-out” issue with the adhesive over time.

Cons of hot glue
• Requires extra equipment — a hot-glue gun.
• Slightly less convenient; takes a bit of practice.

My take: I’ve used both and prefer the glue gun. Since the main task is to secure the wick, hot glue clearly wins.
Securing the Wick
What’s better: wick stickers or a hot-glue gun?

Steam should be visible, but not too vigorous. Do not let water get into the wax; otherwise, you’ll get bubbles in the pour that can only be fixed by remelting the candle.

If your melting vessel’s sides and bottom touch the boiling water (e.g., a regular pitcher), stay nearby and stir the wax regularly. The wax near the walls heats much faster than the center, and stirring prevents uneven overheating.
Water Bath (Double Boiler)

Recommendations

Steam should be visible, but not too vigorous. Do not let water get into the wax; otherwise, bubbles will form during the pour and can only be fixed by remelting the candle.

If your melting vessel’s sides and bottom touch the boiling water (for example, when using a regular pitcher), stay nearby and stir the wax regularly. The wax near the walls heats much faster than the center, so stirring prevents uneven overheating.
Microwave Oven

Why should wax be melted over steam? Can you use a microwave?

This is a debated topic in candle making. I don’t insist on adding fragrance or on avoiding it completely. Below are the pros and cons of each view.

Arguments against adding:
— Often little point: most pillar candles have a small melt pool. As you learned in the scent-throw lesson, the larger the melt pool, the stronger the throw. If the pool is only 2–5 cm, the candle will scent only a tiny area—or not at all.
— It noticeably increases the cost of the candle, and that extra cost usually doesn’t “pay back” because of the small melt pool.
— Silicone molds absorb aromas, and candles can, in turn, pick up those residues. A customer might buy two candles with the same fragrance at different times and they can smell different, which may cause dissatisfaction.

Argument for:
— Many people instinctively smell candles when they see them. A pleasant aroma creates a positive first impression and emotion.
Working with Fragrance Oils

Adding fragrance to pillar candles — does it make sense?

Dosages
— First, rely on the manufacturer’s recommendation. Different brands give their own ranges (e.g., 0.05–0.5% of wax, 0.01–0.3%, etc.). If you exceed the range, the risk of frosting increases.
— If your dye has no brand/data sheet, you’ll need to find a safe dose empirically.

How to test the dose step-by-step
1) Start with a very small load, about 0.2%.
2) If you see frosting at that dose, your wax is sensitive—stay lower.
3) If there’s no frosting, increase gradually and watch the results, for example:
0.5% → 0.7% → 1% → 2% (or until you get the shade you want).

Also consider the wax’s **maximum additive load**
— Many wax data sheets list it, e.g.: “Max additive load — 12% (higher loads may cause surface issues).”
— “Additive load” means **everything** you add to wax, not just fragrance. Example: 10% fragrance oil + 1% dye = 11% total, which must stay within the wax’s limit.

When to add dye to wax
— You can add dye at almost any stage (before heating, while melting, or at the max heating temperature).
— Best dissolution happens near the wax’s **maximum heating temperature**—that’s when the dye melts fully and disperses evenly.

Wicking note
— Dye makes a candle a bit harder to melt, so a **larger wick** is often needed. After you settle on the final color/dose, re-test your wick with the colored wax.
Working with Dyes

Basics for using colorants in any wax items (pillar & container candles, melts, sachets).

You can make the hole with an awl or a large needle.
I have both an awl with an eye and a needle. I find the needle much more convenient because the eye is larger and it’s easier to thread the wick. If you find an awl with a large eye, that will work too.

As a last resort people use big pins with a sharp end or a skewer, but this can damage the silicone mold, which may be expensive. It’s better to use a proper tool. If you regularly thread the wick with a finger or some improvised object, the mold can begin to tear and leave marks on finished candles.

How to make the hole

— Don’t rely on the outer “center” of the mold; always check from the inside.
— If you can’t judge the center, pour a candle once without the hole, demold it and look where the true center should be.
— Then find that spot on the mold and make the hole by pushing the needle **from the inside out**, not the other way around.

If the hole is slightly off-center and the wick touches a wall, don’t worry. Don’t tighten the wick right away: fix it in a wick holder/clip first, then pull it a little so it hangs free, following the curves of the walls.
Wick Hole

How to make a wick hole in a silicone mold: how and with what?

Don’t judge alignment by the mold’s top edge. Even if the rim looks perfect, the inner seam can still be misaligned. Do this instead:

1) First, secure the mold with rubber bands so the wax won’t leak when you pour. Don’t skimp on bands and don’t overtighten. If you use too few, wax may leak through the slit; if you overtighten, the mold can deform and the candle will come out warped.

2) Next, from the inside, trace the seam line with your finger from top to bottom and press to align it as you go.

It’s easier without gloves—you’ll feel the silicone better. After that, thread the wick and fix it in a wick holder (or another method).
Aligning Mold Seams

How to properly align the seams on a mold?

Unlike container candles, topping off pillars has its own nuances.

Sometimes a top-off creates a visible “step/ledge” or trapped bubbles. On a finished candle this can only be disguised or the candle has to be remelted and re-poured.

How to prevent this:

1) Pour the top-off at a higher temperature so the old wax and the new wax fuse together.

2) If your wax is picky and prone to frosting, first soften the top surface with gentle heat, then pour the fresh wax at the “comfortable” temperature for that wax—the one at which it doesn’t frost.
Topping Off (Repouring) Pillar Candles

How to top off a pillar candle correctly?

What affects setting time:
1) Mold volume
A 70 g candle will set faster than a 1 kg candle.

2) Wax characteristics
Different waxes set at different speeds.

3) Room temperature
At 27–30°C, candles set more slowly than at 17–20°C.

How to find the minimum safe setting time for your candle?
Answer: testing.

How to test:
— First give the candle plenty of time to set: about 10–14 hours (for very large pillars or slow-setting waxes, 12–16).
— If the candle doesn’t break due to insufficient setting, shorten the time.

How not to confuse insufficient setting with brittle wax:
— **Brittleness**: the candle snaps or crumbles even when fully set.
— **Insufficient setting**: the candle feels soft/pliable; the core may still be semi-liquid.

With each pour, reduce the time by about an hour and observe: does the candle hold up, is it strong enough?

Gradually you’ll arrive at the minimum time your candle needs to set. Knowing this helps you schedule work and avoid rushed failures. It’s especially useful when you have many orders—you can plan production and deadlines accurately, including for larger batches.
Setting Time
How do you determine how long wax needs to set in a pillar candle?
While the candle is setting, avoid rapid cooling and temperature swings.

Optimal room temperature: 21–25°C. This is warm enough to minimize the risk of frosting caused by a cold room.

Avoid drafts during the setting period.

Place the mold on a trivet or rack—especially if you have a stone countertop. Stone pulls heat quickly, making candles cool faster and triggering wax crystallization. On the finished candle this appears as a white bloom called frosting.
Conditions for Setting

What are the ideal conditions for a candle to set?

Every wax has its own maximum fragrance load, which you normally get from the manufacturer. It’s usually 8–10%, sometimes 12%. Choose the dose based on how strong you want the scent to be. I recommend at least 5–6%; otherwise the throw will be barely noticeable. If your fragrance oil is very strong, you don’t have to go to the maximum.

In any case, test each fragrance with your wax and your intended dosage. Only testing will show the ideal ratio for your combo.

If the seller provides no guidance, run trials. As mentioned, typical loads are 8–10%, sometimes 12%. Start lower—try 8% FO. Then try 10%. Watch how the wax behaves—whether frosting or other issues appear. Going higher usually doesn’t make the scent much stronger; testing is how you verify that.

In my case, my wax’s maximum additive load is 10%. I use 8% fragrance oil. With my waxes and oils, I don’t need more—the optimal scent strength is already reached at that dosage.
Fragrance Load

What to do if the manufacturer doesn’t specify a max fragrance load?

About additive (fragrance) load
Each wax has its own allowable fragrance load. Most are up to 10%; some are up to 8% or up to 12%. Some waxes specify a **total additive load** (fragrance + dye combined). That means the sum of all additives must not exceed the stated %.
Example: if the max load is 10% and you add 0.5% dye, the fragrance oil can be at most **9.5%** of the wax weight.

How much to add?
As noted, most waxes allow up to 10%. You *can* go to the maximum, but I usually use **8–9%**. Going higher often doesn’t make the throw noticeably stronger, so you end up wasting FO.
If your fragrance is very strong and you want a softer, subtler candle, use **6%**. That’s a good minimum—below that, the scent is usually barely noticeable.

Summary: a practical working range is **6–9% FO**.
This is a guideline only. The exact dose for each FO and each wax is chosen individually through testing.

How to weigh fragrance oil
Always weigh FO in **grams** on a scale. “Eyeballing” is unreliable. Milliliters (as shown on bottles) are **not** grams—always use a scale.
Fragrance Ratios

How to measure fragrance oil and how much to add?


No, you don’t need to pre-soak wicks in anything before pouring.
For a good burn, simply coat them generously with wax as you pour the candle.
Soaking the Wick

Do you need to soak a wooden wick?

You’ll need:
1) Paper or cardboard (cardboard lasts longer, so it’s handier).
2) A pencil/pen/marker.
3) A ruler.
4) The candle vessel.
5) A wick holder. I’ll show this with a wooden-wick holder (it isn’t perfectly round, so it’s trickier); with a round holder it’s even easier.

Steps:
— Press the vessel firmly onto the paper and trace the base.

— Measure the traced circle’s diameter (mine is 73 mm). Draw a square around the circle. That makes it easier to find the true center. Measure the square’s height and divide by two (≈36 mm for me) and mark that point. This is the vessel’s center.

— Measure the wick holder.
• If it’s round, just measure its diameter and divide by two to get the radius.
• If it’s rectangular (typical for wooden-wick holders), measure its length and width separately. Divide each by two (e.g., 15 mm → 7.5 mm; 13 mm → 6.5 mm). From the center mark, lay off those half-dimensions along the vertical and horizontal axes and draw guide lines. You now have the outline where the holder must sit for a centered wick.

— Place the vessel back over the drawing, aligning the traced circle with the guidelines. Set the wick holder exactly within the rectangle you drew. That’s the centered position for the wick.
Wick Centering

How to perfectly center a wick?

About fragrance load
Each wax has its own maximum recommended fragrance load. Often it’s 10%, sometimes 6–8% or up to 12%—always check the wax manufacturer’s spec (and IFRA limits for your fragrance).
Some waxes specify a total additive limit (fragrance + dye). If the limit is 10% and you add 0.5% dye, the maximum fragrance becomes 9.5% of the wax weight.

How much to add?
For most projects, a practical working range is 6–9% by weight. Going above the wax/fragrance limits usually doesn’t improve throw and can cause sweating, poor adhesion, or sooting.
If a fragrance is very strong and you want a softer, subtle candle, start at 6%. (For some pillar/beeswax blends, typical loads may be lower—test and adjust.)

How to weigh the fragrance
Always measure by weight (grams), not by milliliters. Bottle labels are often in mL, but fragrance oils have different densities, so mL ≠ g. Use a scale.
Example: for 200 g of wax at 8%, weigh 16 g of fragrance. If your wax has a 10% total additive limit and you use 0.5% dye, your maximum fragrance would be 9.5%.

Summary
Use about 6–9% fragrance by weight, within the limits of your specific wax and fragrance. Always test and record what works for your materials.
Fragrance Oil Proportions
Fragrance oil proportions and how to weigh them